The Nobel Prize in Chemistry

In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig and William Moerner who, working separately, laid the foundation for SMLM. In essence, this method relies on the possibility to turn the fluorescence of individual molecules on and off. Scientists image the same area multiple times, allowing only a few interspersed molecules to glow each time. By superimposing these images, a dense super-image can be resolved at the nanolevel. With the development of this technique, Betzig and Moerner were able to overcome Abbe's diffraction limit, allowing for the production of high resolution images that, before SMLM, had not been possible. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Ernst Abbe and Lord Rayleigh formulated what is commonly known as the â€Å"diffraction limit† for microscopy. Roughly speaking, this limit states that it is impossible to resolve two elements of a structure that are closer to each other than about half the wavelength (?) in the lateral (x, y) plane and even further apart in the longitudinal (z) plane. Another consequence of the same diffraction limit is that it is not possible to focus a laser beam to a spot of smaller dimension than about ?/2. In the case of light (optical) microscopy, an important tool for the imaging of biological structures, this means that two objects within a distance between 400/2 = 200 nm (far blue) and 700/2 = 350 nm (far red) cannot be resolved. Although this is no real limitation for electron microscopy, in which the wavelength is orders of magnitude smaller, this method is very difficult to use on living cells. For instance, the length-scale of the E. coli cell is about 1,000 nm (1 ?m) which is larger than, but of similar magnitude, as the diffraction limit. This explains why, prior to the development of SMLM, it was difficult to image details of the internal structures of living bacteria. Perhaps this may be the reason why bacteria are considered to be â€Å"primitive† organisms with little internal structure. With single-molecule localization, more precise structures of bacteria and other small-scale entities, e.g. individual viruses, can be resolved.In SMLM, the photochemical properties of fluorescent proteins are exploited to induce a weakly emissive or non-emissive â€Å"dark† state. From the dark state, very small populations of fluorophores are returned to an emissive state by shining a weak light pulse that activates only a fraction of the fluorophores present. These fluorophores are excited and detected by glowing until they are bleached, at which point the procedure is repeated on a new subgroup of fluorophores. In order to be identified, however, the emission profile must exhibit minimal overlap in each image. The centroid position of each identified molecule is statistically fitted, often to a Gaussian function, and with a level of precision scaling with the number of detected photons. By imaging and fitting single emitters to a sub-diffraction limited area over thousands of single images, enough data is generated to create a composite reconstruction of all identified emitters. Single-molecule localization is a broad category consisting of specific techniques, such as STORM, PALM, and GSDIM, that operate using the conceptually similar procedure outlined above. The main difference between these types is the exact fluorophore chemistry used to turn the fluorescence of individual molecules on and off. The real breakthrough in single-molecule localization occurred in 2006, when Betzig and colleagues coupled fluorescent proteins to the membrane enveloping the lysosome, the cell's recycling station. By activating only a fraction of the proteins at a time and superimposing the individual images, Betzig ended up with a super-resolution image of the lysosome membrane. Its resolution was far better than Abbe's diffraction limit of 0.2 ?m, a barrier that previous microscopy techniques could not bypass. Since the ground-breaking discovery, SMLM has allowed organelles and single molecules to be resolved with an order of magnitude better resolution (with a localization accuracy of about 10 nm), in multiple color channels, and in 2D as well as 3D. Single-molecule microscopy allows quantification of the number of proteins within biological assemblies and characterization of protein spatial distribution, permitting the determination of protein stoichiometry and distribution in signaling complexes. For instance, for the ?2 adrenergic receptors, SMLM was used to show that the receptors are partially organized in mini-clusters only in cardiomyocytes but not in any other cell lines, and that these oligomers are not lipid raft related but rather depend on actin cytoskeleton integrity. Most importantly, the results of this study were different from those obtained from a similar report which used near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), demonstrating the better precision of SMLM over other techniques. An additional important aspect of SMLM is that it can be used with other imaging techniques to elucidate receptor complex structures. In one study by Nan et al. (2013), the powerful sensitivity of FRET imaging to detect receptor proximity was combined with the capability of SMLM to obtain direct visualization of receptor oligomers in studying RAF, a strategic protein involved in RAS signaling. By means of cluster analysis, Nan and colleagues were able to show how RAF exists between an inactive monomeric state in the cytosol and a multimeric condition at the cell membrane when activated. The results from single-molecule localization confirmed the importance of dimer and oligomer formation in RAF signaling, even though the precise biological role of these different multimeric states is yet to be determined.The better definition of biological structures in the nanometer range as a result of SMLM has had most relevance in the field of neuroscience, where the morphology of neurons composed of dendritic spines and synapses is not suitable for confocal microscopy. For example, Dani et al. (2010) used single-molecule microscopy to image presynaptic and postsynaptic scaffolding proteins in the glomeruli of the mouse olfactory bulb to show distinct punctate patterns that were not resolved by conventional fluorescence imaging. Lastly, the high resolution of SMLM has enabled a deeper understanding of chromosome organization and genome mapping. Wang et al. (2011) determined the distribution of nucleoid-associated proteins in live E. coli cells, while Baday et al. (2012) were able to label 91 out of a total of 107 reference sites on a 180 kb human BAC gene with a 100 bp resolution. DNA mapping with such resolution offers the potential to uncover genetic variance and to facilitate medical diagnosis in genetic diseases. Nonetheless, there are a few challenges that come with single-molecule microscopy, namely errors in detection efficiency and localization uncertainty. Since using fluorescent proteins as labels involves the complications associated with protein expression, errors in this step (e.g. misfolding, incomplete maturation, etc.) can lead to the production of label molecules that are not fluorescent. This can directly affect counting studies, as the number of counted molecules can be underestimated. However, it is possible to use the obtained count (after correcting for blinking artifacts) for the counting. In one study that involved identification of protein complex stoichiometry by counting photobleaching steps, Renz et al. (2012) accounted for errors in detection efficiency using a binomial model, which was found to provide accurate results. Incorporating detection efficiency into a model for the ratio between monomers and dimers can also rectify efficiency errors. In terms of localization uncertainty, each photon from the emitter molecule provides a sample of the point spread function (PSF) from the molecule. Based on these samples, single molecule localization algorithms provide an estimate for the position of the fluorescent molecule. This estimate is prone to uncertainties, especially due to limited sampling (i.e. the limited number of photons obtained from the molecule). By ensuring that the imaged molecules within a frame are spatially separated enough so that the localization algorithms can correctly identify them, however, it is possible to minimize the effect of localization uncertainty on counting measures. Despite its potential shortcomings, single-molecule localization enables high resolution imaging on the scale of nanometers, which defies Abbe's diffraction limit of 0.2 ?m. SMLM has been used to elucidate specific cell structures, as in Betzig's visualization of the lysosome membrane, and receptor complexes, as in the case of RAF. The technique has also been used to refute results of similar studies that used different imaging protocols, as shown when determining the specific location of ?2 adrenergic receptors. Overall, SMLM has ushered in a new era of high resolution imaging that not only allows for accurate insight into individual cell and protein structure, but also enables identification of abnormalities in cellular processes that ultimately manifest as genetic diseases.

NATURE and How It Affects the Human Views

The written works of E.B. White and Loren Eiseley primary show the importance of literary implications upon the truth that connects nature with human behaviors. From their writings, It could be noted that the views of the authors upon the relation of natural wealth with the wealth of human individuals which they primary have in themselves.   To be able to explain this idea further, an examination on the stories of the said authors shall be explained in this paper. However, to continue with the observation of the written works, it is important to carry these following questions in mind during the discussion: How does the description of nature on the part of each author reflect the abilities of humans to change and retain their characteristics at the same time? How does the explanation of Natural adjustments able to picture the actual adjustments that humans deal with themselves everyday? How well did the authors discuss the ways by which nature itself becomes a metaphor to the human ways? Once More to the Lake by E.B. White The narrative description adapted by White in this particular story has much related the idea she was portraying to the trip that their family made to the pond when they went for a vacation. From the narration, it could be observed that she had a detailed description of every creature that she found to have inherited the areas that they were passing by. The life-based descriptions of the author upon the different living things that she saw along their journey showed so much connection with the human behavior towards the different situations that they are faced with everyday. The ways by which the animals tried to adapt to the changing climate as well as the changing situations that they needed to face in the environments that they exist with noted the fact the plants as well as the small animals picture the actualization if the fact that humans too are able to adjust with all the challenges that th they face in life everyday, that whatever the situations may post to them, they are trying their best to survive the pressures to the best possible way that they could. The Brown Wasps by Loren Eiseley In this particular writing, the small insects such as the mice were attested by the author as primary metaphors of the human behavior. This particular behavior relates the human creation towards the fact that they are able to make possible adjustments in their lifestyle depending on the environment that they are living in. It is undeniable that the ways by which the mice try to search for the best possibilities in the area that they are currently living in describes the exact process utilized by humans to adjust to the lives that they are supposed to face as individuals depending on the changes in their own society. Conclusion As a summary of the entire discussion presented herein, it is undeniable that both authors show the fact that the human behavior is indeed related to the fact that they are opportunists, like that of the small insects and small plants that are transferred from one place to another because of the wind or because of the demands of the climate, humans are also forced to change their lifestyle based on the environment that they are living in. This particular characteristic of humans makes it easier to survive life as they are able to portray in life right now. Reference: E.B. White Once More to the Lake (1941). http://www.moonstar.com/~acpjr/Blackboard/Common/Essays/OnceLake.html. (October 26, 2007). The Brown Wasps by Loren Eiseley. (1992). http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/97173.html. (October 26, 2007).         

Unemployment in UAE

United Arab Emirates is one of GCC members which suffer unemployment increase since the early country development time of the 70th of the past century. According to the (C. I. A The World Factbook, n. d. ) the unemployment rate for the United Arab Emirates is 2. 1%; with roughly 32. 6% of Emirati men and 47. 7% of women out of work. This is based on a study conducted in 2006 from a poll of 4,800 U. A. E nationals of working age. To break it down even further, 73. 8% among those aged between 18-29 were unemployed. 18. 6% of individuals aged between 30-39 were unemployed. 30. % of individuals with a University degree were unemployed. Those of who are educated at the secondary school level constituted a 35. 8% unemployment. This paper addresses and discusses the topic through several resources emerging the situation of unemployment in UAE based on statistics gathered since 2001 till 2010. Furthermore this paper spots and focuses on the associated reasons which are considered as root cause and the effective solution. (Muawia E. Ibrahim, 2004) wrote about the fluctuation of the unemployment among UAE nationals despite of the attractive offers in both public and private sector. Till 2002, 29900 nationals were registered as unemployed in addition to 12600 in 2003. In 2001& 2002, 7124 national was graduated from university; this increment in the number of university graduates influenced the phenomena of the unemployment in UAE to score 35% of the total number 29900. According to the planning ministry statistics only 9% of the total workforce was occupied by UAE nationals in 2003 and this situation referred to the incompatibility of academic training and market requirements. The increase of the theoretical than practical academic isciplines graduates is one reason behind this phenomenon; however the market demands the technological and professional field. The gap between the academic institution and the employment institution caused students to wrongly select their studying major which is not required by the market. Because of the deterioration in the standards of students in mathematics, English and Arabic, also lacking basic study skills, research ideas and personal abilities made the university and the higher colleges of technology to spend money on training newly admitted student in order for them to become educated with new academic life requirements. Accordingly, recommendation raised to the concerned institutions to cooperate in prescribing syllabus so that students are well prepared and capable of carrying on with their studies in higher education institution. Also, recommended strong and closer coordination between higher education institutions to design academic programmes that are aligned with the labour market demand. Ultimately the concept of the training students during college period is important to improve the employment relationships. Elsa Baxter, 2009) clearly emphasis on unemployment among UAE nationals at its highest level since the country was founded 38 years ago, with more than 40,000 Emiratis out of work. According to the National human Resources Development and Recruitment (Tanmia) the UAE was suffering unemployment crisis, which will continue to rise unless action is taken. While the local unemployment rate on an influx of expatriate labour and the failure of plans to create more jobs for locals. The UAE society like other Gulf societies is suffering from an article published by the Abu Dhabi based Emirates centre for Strategic Studies and research. Further, the unemployment rate among UAE nationals peaked at 13 percent at the end of 2008. The same rate for expatriates was just 2. 6 percent. Despite of the numerous efforts by the UAE government to tackle the unemployment problem they had little effect. Overall, this problem started to convince us that there is a sort of imbalanced or legal gap, it could also be a lack of coordination among those institutions. UAE unemployment rises to 4%, 2009) unemployment in the UAE jumped to 4 percent in 2008, from 3. 45 percent in 2007, according to figure from the Ministry of Economy. Considering the fact of expatriates have left the country since the global financial crises. Which means the jobless rate among expatriates will not increase sharply. The rate among UAE nationals records a higher increase given the rapid growth in their num ber. However, this is not basically for economic reasons but due to the reluctance of nationals to join the private sector and their preference for the public sector. Anees Dayoub & Ben Flanagan, 2006), The high rate of unemployment among UAE nationals was revealed today in a study that found that 32. 6% of Emirati men, and 47. 7% of women, are not in work. Nepotism and the preference for imported labour were seen as being the two main factors behind this. The study by Sharjah University polled a random selection of 4,800 UAE nationals of working age. The unemployment rate among those aged 18-29 was 73. 8%, the newspaper said. In the 30-39 bracket 18. % of those polled were unemployed. Those with a university degree – representing 30. 1% of the total unemployed – are actually less likely to be in work than those with a diploma (21. 1% of the total). Those only educated to secondary school level constitute 35. 8% of people not in work. The predominate reason behind the high figures was nepotism – where jobs are awarded to family members of management – with 74. 3 per cent citing this as a cause. Competition from expatriates was a factor for 30. 9% of those surveyed. Nadim Kawach, 2004), All Arab League countries are suffering from such a problem but joblessness has remained under control in some members, including the UAE, on the grounds their development spending is still high and their economy has been growing fast enough in some years. While unemployment in some member states is as high as 20 per cent, it has remained as low as 1. 8 per cent over the past seven years in the UAE and Kuwait. Unemployment among UAE nationals is higher, standing at around six per cent, given the relatively low numbers of local manpower, according to official figures. But the reasons for unemployment among nationals in the UAE have nothing to do with economic performance but with completely different factors. They include a sharp increase in native graduates, their preference for working in the public sector and the reluctance of the private sector to recruit nationals on the grounds they are costlier. Figures revealed by Matar Humaid Al Tayer, Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, showed around 13,000 known nationals are looking for jobs, accounting for nearly six per cent of the total native workforce of around 200,000 at the end of last year. More than 3,000 nationals are graduating from universities and institutes in the UAE every year and the rate is expected to continue until 2015†¦this requires serious measures to accommodate all those graduates in the labour market,† the Minister told the monthly bulletin of the Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce and Industry. UAE has a wealth of oil and is distinct from the rest of the Gulf populat ion density low is supposed to not face many of the problems faced by countries with densely populated, but it turned out, through reports from parties interested in internal and external different that the UAE suffer from the problem of unemployment . The problem has emerged since the early years of statehood movement development. Results of some of these reports prove the existence of the problem of unemployment in the UAE, which is high from the perspective of reality where the UAE Emiratis ratio of two percent of the total workforce, including the state and the rate of thirty-five percent of the UAE based unemployed are university graduates. Reports in this regard indicate that the unemployment rate continues to increase since the year two thousand and six months, until today, although observers show concern about this problem and its future if it remained the case as it is without any progress to solve the problem of unemployment. The truth is that reports attributed the occurrence of the problem of unemployment to many reasons, and of the most prominent and most powerful and realistic is the absence of the comprehensive educational plan and also the absence of co-ordination between state institutions concerned. One of the reasons that have contributed to exacerbate this problem economic boom between the year two thousand and three to the year two thousand and seven, this rapid change and non-measured by the state institutions to create a large gap between the requirements of the labor market and the qualifications of citizens of study process are available, and then came the setback of the global economic to receive its consequences on the State and increase the complexity of the problem. Incurred higher education institutions and universities to pay huge ums in order to bridge this gap for the rehabilitation of citizens and provide them with the skills and science that correspond with the requirements of the labor market, as a temporary solution. On the other hand it is also the reasons is the lack of awareness and poor performance of the individual citizen and not to highlight the seriousness with full opportunity for the development of educational qualifications and scientific capabiliti es to be able to bear the burden of the labor market. There are also other reasons contribute to the survival problem of unemployment in the State, such as nepotism and cronyism, which leads to giving opportunities and positions of responsibility that need to be hard work experience to people who are incompetent and unable to bear the burden required and thus the failure and a waste of time and money at the expense of other citizens. One of the reasons also bring foreign workers without statistical studies and conscious to preserve the rights of citizens in the percentage of jobs available in the state. Through the above discussion of the problem and the reasons for their formation can be ascertained that the fundamental solution is to work on studies and statistics include all the emirates and the development of a future plan, taking into account the current situation and how to deal with him, and directing all state institutions, public and private cooperation and coordination to develop appropriate solutions. Distribution of roles between the emirates to make progress on the economic level in terms of geographic scope and manner of economic activity and also to reduce to bring foreign workers would help alleviate the problem relatively. It is also clear to the country's lack of national cadres and high-value intellectual and global experience a significant impact on the incidence and the continuing problem of unemployment and others.

ARID REGIONS IN JORDAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ARID REGIONS IN JORDAN - Essay Example (Tarawneh et al 2008) Background In uses of water in Jordan, agriculture consumes 68%, industry gets only 4% and balance is meant for individual consumption. Source: Ministry of Water and Irrigation, HKJ. Reference: http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env4.html Along with scant water resource, Jordan is suffering from non availability of natural energy sources such as oil, natural gas, and coal. Thus, Jordan’s water problem becomes more critical. Some of the demographics of the Jordan are worth enumerating: Area: Total: 92,300 sq km Water: 329 sq km Land: 91,971 sq km Population Distribution: 38% in Amman; 34% in Irbid and Zarqa; and 28% in the remainder of Jordan. ( About Jordan 2011) Looking at the present water scarcity and the population growth of the Jordan, multi pronged strategy is required to increase the supply of water for domestic consumption and surplus to be diverted to agriculture and industries. Options Various options are to be exploited based on the cost, availa bility of technology and time required to implement the plan. However, some of the options are essential to exploit to make the water availability to a decent level. Short term measures are required to be put in to action as they are must before thinking about any other long term solutions. Short-term Measures Replacing All Piping and Revamping Distribution Systems Stopping leakages and the spillages is essential and important need of an hour to make the optimum use of water. The distribution of water in Jordan is done through GI piping. The life of such piping is not found to be more than 15-20 years. It gets corroded during the period. It has been observed that total supplied water never reaches to the end users in full. A huge part of the supplied water is finished in leakages due to corroded piping. The replacement of the piping should be carried out at the earliest as water is precious and cannot be allowed to waste in this way. Currently, High density polyethylene piping is a most convenient mode of carrying the water for domestic supply. These piping lasts more than 100 years and quite sturdy and noncorrosive in nature. Underground Recharging with Rain Water Underground recharging with rain water throughout the region is the foremost necessity in a bid to tackle the water crisis. This option should be taken on priority basis and the community should be taken into confidence while implementing such plans as their involvement is necessary. Rain water as surface water in lakes or canals will have much higher evaporation losses and needs to be preserved through underground recharging. The neighbouring country Israel has successfully made the best use of artificial recharge technique and in a single year, way back during 1967-68, had recharged over 100,000,000 cubic meter of rain water. (Harpaz, Yoav 1971) Recycling and Treating the Domestic Streams for Agricultural Use In order to conserve the water, the next step in line is to collect all used water from t he town of Amman and taken to a nearby treatment facility where all suspended impurities will be removed and then to be treated for domestic pollutants. The treated water then is suitable for agricultural use and should be released to farms through pipe lines. This will conserve the fresh water for domestic purposes. In view of the shortages of fresh potable water for domest

Swax watch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Swax watch - Essay Example In addition, SWAX Watch has been completely differentiated in the packaging and prices. This will make the product quit conspicuous. The entire market coverage will be divided into various sections where as the demand of each segment is addressed. The first segment will target the youth. The product will be designed to appeal to the young people through coloration and scent. We shall address the concern raised by the young in the market research. Similarly, some product will be manufactured to meet the need of the poor in the society. This product will be designed to be relatively cheaper and within their reach. SWAX Watch will be presented in the best ways that appeal to a large number of audiences. In this case, popular media will be used as advertising platform. Similarly, peak periods of the day will be chosen so as a large number of audience are reached. The best possible method will be used to obtain the largest number of clients. As it has been stated, SWAX watch is targeting the youth. In this case, all its features are identified with the youth. The packaging and distribution is intended to reach to the youths in the society. In some cases, the product is designed to attain expected level of current trends. This is because the youths are attracted to trendy

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Ethics - Essay Example An individual must perform right things at the right time. The script of the book dealing in ethics originates from the heart and each one has to read and understand it with one’s own efforts as per the demands of the situations. Restoration of ethics in American life, particularly in business, has to be given top priority. Practice right things, for self-satisfaction, and not to become selfish and to amass wealth. C W Colson In, â€Å"The Problem with Ethics,† Charles Colson writes with anguish about the plight of the people of America in all segments, with loss of ethical values. According to Colson, ethical and moral decay is the root cause of the problems in American culture. The leadership and people of the country have failed to make proper utilization of the abundant natural wealth that has been bestowed. Selfish goals have turned out to be priorities. A distressing scenario is gradually building up, and no concerted efforts are made to find a tangible solution. Colson’s lecture at the Harvard Business School on April 4, 1991, on the subject of ethics was well-received by the Harvard students. Moral philosophy and ethics were not the favorite topics with the would-be business executives at Harvard, whose sole purpose of getting educated was to know the principles and procedures to maximize profits in the business world. The gist of his lecture was â€Å"that a society without a foundation of moral absolutes cannot long survive.† (Colson†¦) Perfect ethical discipline in the business world may be impossibility; but one needs to know how to carry on with the available discipline by applying the principles of ethics. Colson laments about the future of America, where thousands of public officials are prosecuted and convicted, where Congressmen are censured and forced out of office, where money meant for helping the poor people is being siphoned off by those who are supposed to be its guardians for its proper utilization, where spy scandals threaten the unity and integrity of the nation, where well-known authorities in important positions sell the national honor for sexual favors or for money and where corruption has engulfed all ranks, high and low, of the country’s administration. Colson argues that no professions or branch of business has remained unaffected from corruption. Loan scandals, open exhibition of greed in business dealings, pharmaceutical firms producing adulterated goods, athletes using drugs to improve performances, sportspersons engaging in gambling rackets, top literary figures indulging in plagiarism, section of the intellectuals tendering applications for educational grants on the strength of bogus credentials--the loss of ethical values lies at the bottom of all these maladies. To highlight the existing grotesque scenario of the society Colson quotes from the cover story on ethics from Time Magazine, â€Å"Hypocrisy, betrayal and greed unsettle a nation’s soul,† mentions The Washington Post that â€Å"common decency can no longer be described as common,† points to the observation in The New Republic magazine that, â€Å"There is a destructive sense that nothing is true and everything is permitted.†(Colson†¦.) The Press is the barometer of public opinion. Such a grim situation creates a cynical society, as is the case with America today. Crisis of character has affected all

Hammurabi's Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Hammurabi's Code - Essay Example The Code of Hammurabi reveals the stratification in the society. It should also be noted that the right and punishment of the individual is largely based on his social class. The Babylonian society into three distinct classes namely the free-born man, the freed man, and the slave. Occupying the highest level of social strata, the patrician enjoys the most rights and privileges. However, more is also expected of him as his punishments are heavier and more severe than the lower ones. For example, Hammurabi stipulates, â€Å"If a physician heal the broken bone or diseased soft part of a man, the patient shall pay the physician five shekels in money. If he were a freed man he shall pay three shekels. If he were a slave his owner shall pay the physician two shekels† (Johns 218-220). Hammurabi also stresses the important position of temple in the society stating that its â€Å"foundation stands firm as heaven and earth† (Johns 285). Thus the people serving in the temples being dedicated to this scared purpose live a vow of chastity and are prohibited from entering the tavern (Johns 113). The Code of Hammurabi encompasses different societal aspects namely property law, leasing, hired labor, debt, trade, family law and punishment. One of the most noted laws which are still very famous today are his stand on â€Å"a tooth for a tooth† and â€Å"an eye for an eye† (Johns 198). It also stipulates the sanctity of marriage and that each party should fulfill their own obligations to each other (Johns 128-130). I believe that the Code of Hammurabi is very important noting its significance in illustrating the early Babylonian civilization. It also shows that inequality and social stratification is a common feature of any culture and punishments vary according to a man’s position in the society. However, even though Johns has been very successful in

Country briefing paper mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Country briefing paper mexico - Essay Example Then, when Mexico eventually got independence, Mexican rulers initiated many constructive measures, including in the health care sector. They established many government bodies for governing the health care sector, as well as developed sizable infrastructures. The population of Mexico has exceeded more than 100 million, and in that direction the country is currently undergoing demographic changes due to a steady decline in its mortality rate, which in turn is leading to increased life expectancy among its people. The other key indicator which presents a positive picture about Mexico’s health care and thereby impacts the demographics is the declining infant mortality rate. These positive changes in the infant mortality rate, in the life expectancy of adults and other health outcomes are mainly due to the advancements in living conditions, health-care, technology and more. Furthermore, the literacy rate in Mexico is at an increased level, when compared to the previous years. The developing educational infrastructures along with the government policies and funding, has greatly contributed to this high level of literacy prevailing in the country. These programs, which are primarily cash grants programs are not only improving the literacy but are also helping in the reduction of poverty and importantly helping in the management of health issues in the population particularly among the children. With the increased life expectancy and lowered mortality rates, one can understand about the positive role played by the Mexican health care sector. However, when viewed from another perspective, this is not the same all over the country, as indigenous and rural communities are fairing badly regarding health conditions. That is, when compared to the urban areas, life expectancy and mortality rates are on the negative side among these communities. The economy of Mexico is showing positive signs, as it is recovering aptly in the post-recessionary period.

Discrimination of Female Candidates bu Police Departments Assignment

Discrimination of Female Candidates bu Police Departments - Assignment Example I believe this is clearly not an accurate analysis. The role of a police officer can never change. It can expand though, which is more likely to be the scenario now. Conflict resolution, communication skills, and problem-solving abilities have become more critical and hence, it is crucial to assess the candidate’s abilities in these areas. But that certainly does not mean physical confrontation is no longer a part of the job of a police officer of today. Hence, using physical standards to judge a candidate’s abilities will always remain in practice, regardless of how people feel about it. It is true that on the first attempt, most female candidates tend to fail these physical standards at a much higher rate than men. According to the U.S. Justice Department, their rates were 80 percent lower than their male counterparts between 2005 and 2011. Hence, obviously, these kinds of tests tend to reduce the number of eligible females at a higher rate than males. The LAPD, which works to increase women representation in all areas, argues that physical standards such as bench-pressing and the ‘wall’ are pretty useless and discriminatory when it comes to the practice field, so such tests should be removed from the induction exams, so they can easily achieve the desired 43 percent female hiring goal. Law enforcement agencies, however, argue that their fitness criteria are made according to the standards of the job requirement, and not of those of any male or female. This is actually understandable since an agency would want never want to hire an unfit candidate. It is also true that the rate at which females pass the remediation test is nearly equal to that of the male candidates.     

International Intercultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

International Intercultural Management - Essay Example ncient times, many different matters are in the need to be managed, control of army, population management, religious matters, practices and management of culture across borders is a matter present from thousands of years. Corporations and business is changed in recent times, now even corporations are working globally and keeping cultures and philosophies part of the key factor which they consider while working globally. This world has become a global world and in order to make best out of the business world, no one can survive alone and these cultural barriers are also been broken. Domestic Market has started expanding globally and this globalization came with a huge responsibility of maintaining peace and harmony amongst different cultures and countries, this management is the key factor to reach the top of this corporate world. Advancements within the technologies associated with connection and also transportation, plus the lessening charges associated with production, brings about an increasing number of corporations benefiting from your developing accessibility associated with worldwide areas. Management of resources and all other business related matters around the world is becoming easy and cultural differences are becoming minor factor in growth and development. Leadership can be described as a position of a leader who guides others and being a good leader requires many qualities and a person who possesses such qualities can be a good leader. Good or bad leadership defines the success or failure of the particular country. Leadership is a very important pillar of a country, whole nation depends on the one pillar which makes or breaks a country. In broader perspective it can be said that leadership of a country is responsible success or failure of a country. Nigeria, Pakistan and China are different in terms of leadership and style of Government in these countries is diverse. Being a democratic country Nigeria has this negative image in terms of leaders

An analysis of the culture of an organization Essay - 1

An analysis of the culture of an organization - Essay Example 2- introduction of Apple Inc: Apple Inc. is one of the America’s leading multinational organizations. This company is the leading manufacturer of electronic products as well as softwares. Its key products are Macintosh computers and Apple iPods and iPhones. The Apple Inc. company was established in California in April 1976 with the name â€Å"Apple Computers†. As the company expanded its product range to a variety of consumer electronic products, it dropped the word â€Å"Computers† from its name. Now this company is having more than 35000 employees worldwide. In 2008 Apple Inc. did business of more than US$32. 48 billion. Therefore, fortune magazine has regarded Apple as the most admired company of 2008-2009. Apple Inc.’s first ever product was an Apple 1, which was a handmade computer kit made by the co-founder of Apple, Steve Wozniak. It was not introduced publicly as it was not provided with a good graphical user interface. Steve Jobs, another co-found er, convinced Wozniak to introduce this product as a commercial computer. Therefore first ever computer named Apple 1 was sold in1976. After that it passed through a number of stages of modification and got the shape of today’s Apple Computers which is entirely different from Apple 1. After the launch of Apple1 this company got fame and earned a good business. In mid 1980s Apple faced some critical time because of the launch of Apple Lisa which was flopped badly. Also Mac1 and Newton does not earn a good business and resulted in lowering the shares of the company. In 1985, Steve Jobs left Apple Inc. because of having clashes with the CEO of the company. He joined the company again after 14 years when the company was about to bankrupt and was facing many challenges. He came with the intention to save the company. After his return he introduced new organizational culture. Although the company was following the corporate culture but Steve Jobs applied few modifications to that c ulture in order to save the company. The company was facing a critical time due to a number of reasons caused by bad organizational structure. 3-Schein’s Theoretical Model of Organizational Culture: Schein defined culture as an abstraction in which various forces that are generated as a result of some specific situations that are arising in the organization as a part of culture are much more powerful. If these forces are not interpreted initially then they badly affect the structure of the organization. He explained that the culture of an organization is adopted with the passage of time; it is not the matter of days. Therefore, it plays a very important role in the well being of its structure as well as working. Schein’s theory of organizational culture is defined as (Schein, 2004): â€Å"A pattern of shared basic assumptions that a group has learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.† Schein basically developed a model of organizational culture defined in three levels(Hatch, 1993). Cultural Artifacts: This level is more concerned with the physical behavior

Dehydrogenase in yeast Essay Example for Free

Dehydrogenase in yeast Essay During respiration, hydrogen atoms are removed from glucose molecules by enzymes called dehydrogenases and passed to various chemicals called hydrogen acceptors. As the hydrogen atoms pass from one hydrogen acceptor to another, energy is made available for chemical reactions in the cell. In this way, substances such as glucose provide energy for vital reactions in living organisms. In this experiment, a dye called methylene blue acts as an artificial hydrogen acceptor. When this dye is reduced by accepting hydrogen atoms it goes colourless. (a) Place about 30 mm of yeast suspension in a test-tube and, using a test-tube holder, heat this suspension over a small Bunsen flame until the liquid boils for about half a minute. Then cool the tube under the tap. (b) Label three test-tubes 1-3. (c) Using a graduated pipette or syringe, place 2 cm3 of the boiled yeast suspension in tube 1. (d) Using the graduated pipette or syringe, draw up 4 cm3 unboiled yeast suspension and place 2 cm3 in tube 2 and 2 cm3 in tube 3. (e) Rinse the pipette or syringe and use it to place 2 cm3 distilled water in tubes 1 and 2. (f) With the pipette or syringe, place 2 cm3 1 % glucose solution in tube 3. (g) Prepare a water bath by mixing hot and cold water from the tap to obtain a temperature between 35 and 45  °C. Place all three tubes in this water bath. Rinse the pipette or syringe. (h) Copy the table given below into your notebook. (i) After 5 minutes draw up 6 cm3 methylene blue solution in the pipette or syringe and place 2 cm3 in each tube. Shake all three tubes thoroughly and return them to the water bath, noting the time as you do so. Do not shake the tubes again. (j) Watch the tubes to see how long it takes for the blue colour to disappear, leaving the creamy colour of the yeast. A thin film of blue colour at the surface of the tube may be ignored but the tubes should not be moved. Record the times in your table. (k) The experiment may be repeated by simply shaking all the tubes again until the blue colour returns. |Tube |Contents |Time for methylene blue to go colourless Experiment 14. Discussion 1 Why was distilled water added to tubes 1 and 2? 2 What causes the methylene blue solution to go colourless (according to the introduction on p. 14.01)? 3 How do you explain the results with tube 1? 4 In which of tubes 2 and 3 was the methylene blue decolourized more rapidly? How can this result be explained? 5 If the hydrogen atoms for the reduction of methylene blue come from  glucose, why should the methylene blue in tube 2 become decolourized at all? 6 What do you think would be the effect of increasing the glucose concentration in tube 3? Explain your answer. 7 How could you extend the experiment to see if enzymes in yeast are capable of reducing methylene blue? 8 Why, do you think, the colour retuned on shaking the tubes? Experiment 14. Dehydrogenase in yeast preparation Outline Methylene blue, acting as a hydrogen acceptor, is decolourized during the respiration of yeast. Addition of small amounts of substrate increases the rate of decolourization. Prior knowledge An elementary idea of respiration as a process which releases energy during the breaking down of carbohydrates; yeast is a microscopic living organism. Advance preparation and materials-per group 20% yeast suspension* 0.005% methylene blue solution+ (prepared 1~2 days ahead) 10 cm3 1 % glucose solution distilled water 10 cm3 Apparatus-per group test-tube rack and 4 test-tubes Bunsen burner 3 labels or spirit marker graduated pipette or syringe 5-10cm3 test-tube holder beaker or jar, for water to rinse pipette or syringe -per class clock Result The methylene blue: in tubes 2 and 3 should be decolourized in a few minutes with tube 3 changing first. * Add 40 g dried yeast and 0.4 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) to 200 cm3 distilled water in a tall 600 cm3 (or larger) beaker (a large jam jar will do). Cover the mouth of the container with aluminium foil and bubble air through the yeast suspension for one or two days using an aquarium aerator. Observe the suspension from time to time during the first two hours and control the air flow to prevent the yeast suspension frothing out of the jar. +Dissolve 0.05 g in 1 litre of distilled water. Methylene blue stains skin and clothing. Lab coats should be worn Experiment 14. Discussion answers 1 The addition of distilled water to tubes 1 and 2 keeps the concentration of yeast and methylene blue the same in all three tubes. 2 The methylene blue accepts hydrogen atoms removed from glucose molecules during respiration. The reduced form of methylene blue is colourless. 3 Boiling will have killed the yeast. Dead yeast is therefore incapable of carrying out one or more stages in the transfer of hydrogen from glucose to methylene blue. (A similar answer may be given in terms of enzymes.) 4 Tube 3 will probably lose its blue colour first. Presumably if the hydrogen atoms for reducing methylene blue come from glucose, additional glucose will mean that more hydrogen atoms are available and decolourization will be more rapid. 5 Respiration will continue in yeast cells, using their own carbohydrate reserves such as glycogen. 6 It might be expected that increasing the glucose concentration would increase the rate of decolourization up to the point where all the available enzyme or enzymes were being used, or where the concentration of glucose was sufficient to plasmolyse the yeast cells. 7 If enzymes (dehydrogenases) are involved, it should be possible to extract them from yeast by grinding some dried yeast with sand and distilled water, and filtering. This could be the subject of further experiment, particularly if little or none of the carbohydrate reserve in yeast comes through in the filtrate. 8 Shaking the tubes introduces more oxygen which re-oxidises the methylene blue

Managing Profitable Customer Relationship Marketing Essay

Managing Profitable Customer Relationship Marketing Essay According to (Kotler, 2006) marketing is Managing profitable customer relationship, the aim of marketing is to create value for the customer and to capture value in return. Marketing is all about dealing with customers and that is what TESCO plc believes in. Marketing strategy indicates the specific target markets and the types of competitive advantages to be developed (Dibb, Simkin, Pride and Ferrell, 1997). Tesco  plc  is a British international grocery and general merchandising retail chain. It is the largest British retailer  by both global sales and domestic market share. Tescos management places an emphasis on customer needs through Tesco values philosophy, expressed as two values -no one tries harder for customers; treat people how we like to be treated. Marketing business is about how one position their business, in order to satisfy your markets needs. Marketing mix is the collaboration of elements that we use to market our product. There are four Ps in marketing mix; they are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Tescos management first understands what their local customers want and what their needs are. On the bases of this, they produce and market their products. Management takes proper care in fixing their product prices, during which they mainly consider their customers satisfaction and then their profits. They make sure that their products sold, and are suitable for their local customer needs before they launch their products. Tesco is very skillful in promoting their products. The promotional offers that they give whenever their new products are launched and their advertisings in papers and magazine will prove this. These four Ps are extended to seven Ps in later stages; the extended Ps include People, Process, and Physical evidence. 2.2 TESCO IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET. International marketing is the process of planning and conducting transactions across nation borders to create exchanges that satisfy the objective of individuals and organizations Tesco operates in 18 countries all over the world. Tescos deep understanding of its customers in each market has led to many small changes in way Tesco operates its loyalty programs in each country. This manifests itself in even the simplest way, with the South Korean version named family card and the China program named member card. In such a manner, Tesco is making the local people of different countries feel much closer to them. The main difference between domestic marketing and international marketing will be that, in international marketing process behavioral aspects of marketing, such as mainly culture, societal, and social circumstances that will be re-flecked, so should be taken in to consideration. Where in domestic marketing these above aspects could mostly ignored. Tesco understands the countries culture, social responsibility and other key factors before it enters in to that country. It will make sure that it is capable of taking the necessary changes pre orderly. 2.3 SWOT ANALYSIS OF TESCO. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a business venture. Strengths Weaknesses Leading market position Customization of products and services on bases of its local market requirements Low quality products produced in during 2009 in Ireland lease towards its loss of brand name Opportunities Threats New stores in different new regions Enter in to Indian market Growing population of tesco.com Recession effects in 2009 Heavy competition in UK grocery market 2.3.1 TOWS MATRIX TOWS matrix analyses the external environment (threats and opportunities), and internal environment (weakness and strengths). An organization can use this technique to think about the strategy of the whole organization. Strengths. Weaknesses Opportunities SO Brand awareness growing globally WO Innovation and alliances Threats ST Strong financial situation WT M table.1 The above matrix is the tows matrix. This tows matrix is helpful to explain the SWOT analysis more clearly. The below described pie diagram will give the details of the top ten food retailers in United Kingdom in year 2003. Country GROUP SALES ACROSS INTERNATIONAL MARKET (2009) in  £ bn UK 41.5 REST OF EUROPE 10.1 ASIA 7.6 US 0.2 GROUP SALES ACROSS INTERNATIONAL MARKET M Pie chart.1 SOURCE: http://www.investis.com/tesco/pdf/review2009.pdf (2010) 2.4 CULTURE IN TESCO. Understanding the culture in a country or region in which you are doing business is a critical skill for the international businessperson or organization. Without this knowledge, a successful outcome of the business venture can be in jeopardy. Gareth Morgan defines an organizational culture as The set of the beliefs, values, and norms, together with a symbol like dramatized events and personalities, which represent the unique character of an organization, and provide the context for action in it and by it. Tesco trusts that every employees job in the company is to help their customers, however they can and wherever they are needed. They treat their employees with trust and respect, and that is the major reason why so many of their employees are with them for more than 25 years. 2.5 COMPLEXITY ICEDRIPS MODEL. ICEDRIPS model will explain few major aspects of an organization. I Innovations: Tesco has being entering in to new markets every year. Tesco had recently interred in to India. It gives a chance to all their employees to give new ideas so that they can service their customers in a better way. C Competitors: Tesco has a heavy competition in its market. Asda, Sainsbury, and Morrison are the top competitors of Tesco. E Economic: Tescos major backup is its strong economic background. Its group sales in 2009 were  £ 59,426m. It has a very efficient money rotation process. D Demographic COUNTRIES POPULATION LANGUAGE GDP TURNOVER (2009) GDP PER CAPITA (PPP) UNITED KINGDOM 61,113,205 ENGLISH $2.224 trillion $38,191 $35,200 USA 307,212,123 ENGLISH $14.43 trillion $206 $46,400 ASIA 3,879,000,000 MANY $18.511 trillion $7,068 $20,800 EUROPE 731,000,000 ENGLISH $16.18 trillion $8,862 $32,500 R Regulatory: Before entering in to a countrys market, Tesco will first understand all its countrys rules and political influences of the country. I Infrastructure: Tescos management makes sure that they have the best infrastructure which will fulfil all their needs. P Partners: Partners of Tesco are Electra Entertainment, HP S Socio culture: Tesco understands that every different region will have a different culture and is trying to change itself to set in to it. 2.6 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF TESCO. In the World Business council for sustainable development, Lord Holme and Richard Watts (1.1.2000) defined corporate social responsibility, as It is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large. Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility policy objective is to earn the trust or their customers by acting responsibly in the community they serve. Their core purpose of business is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. Tescos aims: Is to offer value through competitive prices , high quality food Be helpful through customer service , customer communication To be innovative by their new products development, retail service through technology. As Tesco is a customer based company, which means service is heart of its business. It can provide more new services to its customers such as round the clock service, by setting up more new branches, taking proper care of existing branches which includes frequent checking of products availability, and staff availability, providing more offers and marketing the offers available. 2.7 BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP (BCG) MATRIX OF TESCO. The BCG Growth-share matrix is a portfolio-planning model developed by Bruce Henderson of Boston consulting group in the early 1970s. This matrix is based on the companys business unit and will classify into four categories based on combinations of market growth and market share. Tesco had kept its footprint in Ireland in the year 1998. It was hard for Tesco to reach the Irish customers, as they were extremely sensitive in regard to the foreign brands. Tesco strongly believes and understand that international differences will be taking place. So keeping this in mind, they have taking every small step in such a way that their customers are completely satisfied with their service. Let us consider an example: Tesco understands its customers in such a way that, in many Asian counties customers come in bikes and scooters as they prefer shopping in small quantities. So Tesco had taken steps in providing more bike and scooter parking when compared to car parking. They also take care in their prices, as they understand that they have wide range of competitors around them. 2.8 CHANNEL DECISIONS. According to Warren J. Keegan (1989) Channel decisions is defined as The structure of intercompany organization units and extra company agents and dealers, wholesale and retail, through which a commodity, product, or service is marketed. In this there will be two key elements: internal distribution and external distribution. These utilities are the basic source of competitive advantage and production value so should be considered as the key factor of an organization. How these internal distribution and external distribution are implemented in Tesco is explained below: Internal distribution KEY FACTORS IN TESCO Cost Lost cost brand growth. Strong cash flow position. Control Have in place both finance control (profits targets, capital bids and performance appraisal), and strategic control (overall strategic balance, agreed business plan, optional services and infrastructure). Customer service Customer service center open 24 hrs. Customer based company Motivation( employees) Allowance Friendly team leaders Order handling Outsourced transportation Outsourced External distribution KEY FACTORS IN TESCO Customer characteristics Understands customer requirements globally Nature of product Diverse range of products available Nature of demand Local need are understood Competition Wide range of competitors in different locations ( Asda, Sainsbury, and Morrison) Legal regulations It undergoes all the different regulations which are in all the countries 2.8 PROMOTION. According to Edward W. Cundiff and Marye Tharp Hilger (1988) Promotion is the communication function of marketing. Generally, promotion is communication with the public in an attempt to influence then toward buying your products and /or services. Tesco promotes its products in a wide range. It advertises their products through post, news paper, and television. Tesco understands the local customers interests and behavior and does its promotion such that they reach them. Tesco standardizes its product quality where ever it is. It also standardizes its customer service and its employees behavior towards their customers and also their co employees all over the world. Tesco needs to adopt new services and products, such as considering the local customers their requirements and needs. Tesco need to adopt the nature of providing products with high standards. Tesco believes that marketing is a process thought which they can reach their customers in the right direction and to satisfy their need, service is the only way. And Tesco is successful in most of the situations but it is not completely able to reach its international customers. It does not understand what their international customers as they dont supply all the local need to their customers. Tesco as so believes in marketing but fails in their promotion at some times. Tesco supplies its quality products but fails in some situation, because of which it had to withdraw from France and Taiwan.

Interprofessional And Interagency Working

Interprofessional And Interagency Working This assignment will critically analyse two examples of interprofessional and interagency practice using examples from my current practice placement. Relevant literature will be used to identify what factors support or constrain interprofessional and interagency collaboration (IPIAC). IPIAC is often described as a holistic approach to an individuals needs. When used effectively, a holistic approach allows for better service delivery to the service user. Hammick et al (2009, p.10) states that being interprofessional is learning and working or working and learning with others as appropriate, when necessary and sometimes both. Interagency working concentrates more on the organisational roles and responsibilities of those involved in collaboration (http://www.scie.org.uk). Interprofessional is relationships between individuals and interagency is relationships between organisations. IPIAC was a modernisation agenda introduced in public policy by the New Labour Government. Government recognition suggests that many social problems cannot be effectively addressed by any given organisation acting in isolation from others. That is, when professionals work together effectively they provide a better service to the complex needs of the most vulnerable people in society. New Labour also specified that there was a Berlin Wall type division between agencies and professionals and that there was a barrier to co-operation and this barrier should be confronted so that services worked in partnership with service users. However according to research conducted by Hiscock and Pearson (2002, p.11) several government reports have criticised the lack of coordination between health and social services in the community. So, in essence when professions work collaboratively the service user gets a better deal. Willing participation (Henneman et al, 1995, cited in Barrett et al, 2005, p.1 9) and a high level of motivation (Molyneux, 2001, cited in Barrett et al, p.19) have been stated as vital aspects of effective IPIAC. My current practice placement is within a voluntary organisation in a domestic abuse service. I am a project worker at a Refuge for women and children who are escaping domestic abuse. My role is to co-link work with permanent Refuge staff and co-ordinate each service users support needs whilst maintaining links with appropriate statutory and voluntary sectors. INTERPROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ONE The first example of IPIAC to be discussed and analysed within my practice placement will be a weekly meeting held between Refuge staff, health visitors and the play-worker from Womens Aid. The aim and purpose of these meetings is to share information so that identified needs of the families in the Refuge can be addressed and where possible be signposted to other services as required. The meetings are designed for professionals to share information and knowledge about the familys lives but not make decisions on their behalf (except where there are child protection issues). The meetings also aim to provide support to families according to assessment of need using professional judgement. Within these meetings everyone discusses and communicates the personal development and progress of the women and children in the Refuge so that all professions involved are kept up to date with the familys circumstances and situation. This supports IPIAC and is effective in that it is a chance for ever yone involved to gain further advice and guidance from other professionals in relation to their current level of involvement with the families. This in turn supports the families and assists them with their future goals and plans. However these meetings could be interpreted to some as secretive as they are held behind closed doors and it is a meeting in which the families are not involved in. This could be construed as an expert power relationship to some (Maclean and Harrison, 2011, p.31). For IPIAC and these meetings to be effective it is vital that all professionals involved support one another and are not be seen as self-interested or see themselves as higher than another profession. This is when problems occur as there is not a logical distribution of power. Unequal power distribution can be oppressive (Payne, 2000, cited in Barrett et al, 2005, p.23) and can limit participation for some professionals. Power in IPIAC should be shared and distributed and no hierarchy of power should exist. If some professionals see themselves as more powerful than another they are not meeting the needs of the service user. Sharing of information and knowledge about the families in the Refuge is the purpose of these weekly meetings so as to achieve the best possible outcome for the service user. A constraint of IPIAC is that some professionals are territorial and do not like to share information and knowledge. Molyneux (2001, cited in Barrett et al, 2005, p20) found that professionals who were confident in their own role were able to work flexibly across professional boundaries without feeling jealous or threatened. Professional adulthood was an expression used by Laidler (1991, cited in Barrett et al, 2005, p.20) to describe professionals who were confident in their own role to share information and communicate effectively with other professionals. These professionals do not feel territorial about relinquishing their knowledge and understanding to further enhance good IPIAC. Stapleton (1998, cited in Barrett et al, 2005, p.20) suggests that a combination of personal and professional confidence enables individuals to assert their own perspectives and challenge the viewpoints of others. Active listening is an important skill to maintain in order to achieve effective IPIAC. To be able to recognise and respond to what is being communicated is fundamental. Professionals working collaboratively should be able to demonstrate this verbally and non-verbally to each other. This is greatly helped if all concerned put aside the typical stereotyping of each others professions in order to hear and listen to what is being said. Effective open and honest communication is vital and probably one of the most important aspects of IPIAC. It requires professionals to take into account each others views, be respectful, dignified and to listen to each other without being highly critical of one another. Constructive feedback about the family needs to be undertaken alongside constructive suggestions and encouragement and should take place at a time when other professionals are receptive. However, being receptive to what is being said does not always occur during these meetings. At times, o ne professional does not like what another is conveying and this can create conflict within the professions. However the need here is to remember that it is the service user that is central to the process and that the goal is to achieve the best outcome for them and their family. There are elements within this example that both support and constrain IPIAC. To achieve the goal and not result in a poor outcome for the service user it is important for all professionals involved to communicate honestly and openly and for there to not be a significant power imbalance between the professions. INTERPROFESSIONAL PRACTICE TWO The second example of IPIAC to be discussed and analysed within my practice placement will be a Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC). A member of the Refuge staff attends these meetings on a fortnightly basis. A MARAC meeting is a community response to domestic abuse. Cases are referred to a MARAC by the Refuge as a result of completing a CAADA-DASH risk identification checklist (RIC) (see appendix one) with the victim of the domestic abuse. This checklist determines the victims level of risk/need. If the risk identification score is 14 or more on the RIC, the MARAC threshold for high-risk has been meet and a referral to a MARAC meeting is made. Cases can also be referred to the MARAC either as a result of a high risk domestic crime/incident recorded by the police or by a direct referral from a participating agency. Participating agencies attending the meetings can include representatives of statutory services such as the police, criminal justice, health, child protection, housing practitioners and Independent Domestic Violence Advocates (IDVAs). The purpose of the meetings is for professionals to implement a risk management plan that provides professional support to all those at risk and which reduces the risk of harm. The aim is then to produce a safety plan for each victim of domestic abuse. The MARACs aim is to share information to increase the safety, health and well-being of victims/survivors of domestic abuse. They can determine whether the alleged perpetrator poses a significant risk to any particular individual or to the general community. According to Bowen (2011, chapter 5.) MARAC functions through meetings designed to facilitate multi-agency information sharing, with a view to implementing an agreed-upon risk management and victim safety plan. Effective communication and information sharing supports IPIAC as it can assist to build relationships between agencies across a much broader range. A MARAC with effective communication and information sharing between agencies can also promote IPIAC in developing much stronger relationships between the voluntary and statutory sector. Barrett et el (2008, p.21) states that communication competence contributes to effective interprofessional working and enables those involved to articulate their own perspectives, listen to th e views of others and negotiate outcomes. An effective MARAC meeting which supports IPIAC is when professionals work collaboratively to ensure that victims/survivors and/or their children are safeguarded from further abuse. The governments action plan Call to End All Violence Against Women and Girls states that we all have to work together to achieve our goal of ending violence against women and girls. It is not a task for central government alone. It suggests that agencies need to work together to meet the needs of their local communities and that agencies are held accountable. However, a constraint of a MARAC meeting that I witnessed was that not all professionals brought the appropriate information to the meetings which lead to an inefficiency and delay of the case which frustrated others professionals attending. Poor timekeeping was another avenue that at times would frustrate other professionals attending the meetings. This seemed to alienate them as I would hear comments such as we are all professionals here and should act as such and as professionals attending important meetings like this, we should always strive to be on time. I also found at the MARAC that some agencies only had snippets of information that on their own did not raise any particular concern. It was only when the jigsaw of information was pieced together that the risk factors could begin to be understood. This example shows that when MARAC meetings support and strengthen interagency working and is effective, it is IPIAC at its best. This approach to working more collaboratively is beneficial as all organisations are coming together for the purpose of a common goal, with that goal being the best possible outcome for the service user. However some of the MARAC meetings that I had attended were not always that effective due to the fact that not all key agencies or organisations attended the meetings when required to do so or did not have the appropriate information to hand. It is beneficial that all agencies have as much information to hand as possible to facilitate IPIAC and have a profound positive impact on the outcome for the service user. In conclusion, IPIAC has many elements and all these different elements require that the different professions adopt them so that effective outcomes are achieved for the service user. Although IPIAC has been around for many years and is not new, it still needs to be continued, developed and incorporated into the daily work of all professions. When organisations and professions from different disciplines truly understand each others roles, responsibilities and challenges, the potential of IPIAC could be fully realised and many of the barriers alleviated. This in turn will contribute to a more successful outcome to the service user which of course is central to effective IPIAC. If IPIAC is ineffective it can limit choice for the service user and also increase risk. Word Count: 1966

Classification Essay - The Types of Kids that Make Up My Generation

Classification Essay –The Types of Kids that Make Up My Generation One of the things that has troubled me as of late is my generation. The generation that is referred to is the group of people currently aged 15-21 - whether or not this is a "generation," so to speak, is irrelevant. These people, for the most part, disturb me. It frightens me to know that the people that I've grown up with are going to be leading the country and the world in the decades to come. The overwhelming majority of the kids that I've come in contact with over the past few years are apathetic monsters. They don't care about school, they don't care about themselves, and they don't care about their future. To dissect the three aforementioned attributes... Kids don't care about school. Why is it that so many kids decide that ditching school on a fairly consistent basis and/or not caring at all about their grades is the right thing to do? What could possibly be more important than school at such an age? You're a fool to tell me that getting high, going to a mall, getting trashed or any other alternative is better than going to school. You're a fool to tell me that the sole point of going to school is to see and gossip about other people with your friends. An education is the gateway to future success. The kids who don't care about school (all too many) are living for the moment, and not thinking about the long run. Instead of channelling their energies into studying, they instead take the easy way out and have fun. Who wants an incompentant oaf for President? Kids don't care about themselves. Why is it that so many kids decide that injecting themselves with various chemicals is the right thing to do? I can't tell you how many und... ...is that there are other, harmless ways to set themselves aside from others; they also don't realize the irony that their rebellion is actually quite conformist, seeing how there already is a sizable portion of the population that can be labeled rebels. The second sad trait to this is that other, "normal" (meaning non-sheep and non-rebels) people take to liking these individuals, whether it be as friends or romantically. How a rational-thinking person can identify with these out-of-touch miscreants is beyond my comprehension. The so-called rebels act ridiculously outlandish, only to inexplicably generate positive responses from their sickening behavior from others. The rebels crave attention, and the way that they get it is through their ludicrous conduct. God forbid if they don't draw any attention... What do you think is responsible for all of the school shootings?

Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War Essay example -- Ending the

The cold war was a post-World War II struggle between the United States and its allies and the group of nations led by the Soviet Union. Direct military conflict did not occur between the two superpowers, but intense economic and diplomatic struggles erupted. Different interests led to mutual suspicion and hostility in a rising philosophy. The United States played a major role in the ending of the cold war. It has been said that President Ronald Reagan ended the cold war with his strategic defense policies. In the year1949, Germany was divided by the victors of World War II and they occupied different zones. The western regions united to form a Federal republic and the Soviet eastern region became communist East Germany. The cold war had begun. Berlin, the former capital of Germany was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin but was located deep inside the soviet controlled zone.1 Then, in 1961, the Soviet government built a wall which separated the two halves of the city. It was not until the 1980s that cold war tensions eased through the glasnost (openness to public debate) polices of soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Finally, in November 1989, the wall crumbled under the hands of the Germans and the cold war ended.2 The downfall of the cold war started when Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981. Reagan had two main priorities. He wanted to cut taxes and increase defense spending. He felt that the United States of America should take a confrontational approach towards Russia.3 Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of Russia in 1985. He wanted to improve the Russian economy. He also wanted to improve relations with the United States. He used his glasnost (openness to public debate) policy and perestroika (restructuring) to help the Russian economy.4 Both leaders wanted a "margin of safety". Reagan took a tough stand against Russia and it's allies. The soviets could clearly see that when Reagan said he wanted a "margin of safety", he meant that the United States should be superior to Russia. Moscow would not let this happen. They wanted equality.5 Reagan also believed that military power and respect for America abroad were inseparable from economic strength. However, Reagan's defense policy resulted in the doubling of the debt of the United States. He used the money for new strategic ... ... References 1 Walter Lippman, The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1947) 48-52. 2 Charles S. Maier, ed., The Cold War in Europe: Era of a divided Continent (New York: Markus Wiener Publishing, Inc., 1991) 27. 3 Ralph B. Levering, The Cold War (Illinois: Harlan Davidson, INC.,1988) 169. 4 Levering, 169 5 Levering, 169 6 John Young, Cold War Europe 1945-1989 (New York: Edward Allen, 1991) 26. 7 Levering, 171-2 8 Levering 173 9 "The End of the Cold War" http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/index/coldwar/ 2 Feb. 1997 10 http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/index/coldwar/ 11 Young, 28 12 Young, 28 13 Tom Morganthou, "Reagan's cold war 'sting'?", Newsweek 32 August 1993: 32 14 Levering, 180 15"Ending the Cold War", Foreign Affairs Spring 1988: 24-25 16 Young, 28 17 Young, 29 18 Young, 29 19 Levering, 187-188 20 "Ending the Cold War", 27 21 "Ending the Cold War", 28 22 Brinkley, Alan An Uneasy Peace 1988-, Vol. 10 of 20th Century America, 10 vols. (New York: Grolier 1995):22 23 Brinkley, 30 24 "George Bush addresses Europe" http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/burke/ 13 March 1997.

Herbs :: essays research papers

Your studying for your final exams when all of a sudden you feel it coming on. A headache. It’s definitely your worst one yet, and to make matters worse, you’ve only just started studying an hour ago. It’s probably from going over all those problems in the small print of your text book. The test is tomorrow and the pain in your head is so unbearable that the only way known to make it go away is to go to bed. But, in the back of your mind, you know that you haven’t finished studying yet and if you go to bed now, you’ll definitely fail the test tomorrow. Does this problem sound familiar? How many of you can say that after continuously studying, your head starts to pound ? Well, there is no need to worry about failing anymore, because, believe it or not, there is a new way that studies are showing that can relieve your headaches, lower you stress levels, and actually make you relax more. Believe it or not, the newest way to make all those things I just said happen is by using herbs. Now I know what your thinking, herbs, aren’t they just used for cooking? Well, not anymore. In this speech I’m going to tell you what type of problems herbs can be used to treat, which herbs to use, and how to apply and prepare them. When it comes to what problems herbs can be used for, their are so many. Common problems that teenagers have nowadays are headaches, stress, acne, colds symptoms, and depression. These problems can usually occur around finals, flu season, and just out of the blue. Also, as teens get older, they have more freedom and would hate to be stuck in the house sick or with a terrible headache when a massive party is going on . Now, teens won’t have to make their parents pay money for medicine that taste disgusting and takes days to make them feel better. They can just use different types of herbal treatments that aren’t that hard to make an d can make the pain go away faster. Now, you can’t just use any herbs for these problems. Their are over 100 herbs commonly used, and not all of them are used for the same problems. When it comes to headaches, the most known herbs used to make them go away is betony, willow, and lavender.

My first day in an English speaking school Essay

I thought back, to everything, everything that had happened and where it all had started. Here, it had started here. Memories flooded back, memories of people, memories of places, memories of†¦ of everything. With one last look around I took a deep breath and boarded the aeroplane, I was ready. I arrived the day before the start of the second semester. Though my things had arrived almost a week before, but I had been content living out of a suitcase if it meant I could spend more time at home. I sighed and looked around; they had tried to make the room nice, though from what I was feeling, all I wanted was my bed, in my flat, in my country. Looking around once more, I saw framed pictures of words- English, of course- I could not really read them. I felt betrayed, like someone had mocking me by putting them there. I was crying, I couldn’t stop; everything felt like it was cracking, falling apart at the seams. I had never felt so alone; I wasn’t close to anyone, not to my dad, step mom, brother, I didn’t feel I would ever be close to anyone. I fell to sleep feeling hopeless, alone, and desperate. Almost an hour later, someone was knocking on my door, calling my name. The voice was soft and American, blending the syllables of my name; I was being called to dinner. When I arrived downstairs, I found the food prepared was not too different from that of my home, I was at least a bit comforted because of that. While having dinner, my step mother and brother tried to converse with me, because I had prided myself in knowing a bit of English. I soon found out this was not the case, when they would speak, it was slurred and natural; when I spoke, it was halted and awkward. My accent impeded some of pronunciation, I sounded like an infant. While the conversation was stilted, I felt at least a bit more at home. Before sleeping, my father informed me that I would be attending American school; I would have a translator until I could speak with more fluency. When I arrived at the school, my father couldn’t accompany me into it, so I had to try to find my way to the office, explain myself, and make homeroom before the bell; needless to say, I was a bit worried. I found the office after using a translating app on my phone. In order to make the women in the office understand me, I had to once again use my translating app, after understanding my situation; they called my translator, who I learned was  called Mary. When Mary and I had finally met, I felt a great relief at having someone to talk to, while Mary was still very American, it was nice to have a person who spoke French around. My first class was ironically English; I went in late because they had wanted to check that I could understand a bit of English, seeing as my first period was English. When I arrived in the class, the teacher asked me to introduce myself, before I had even reached my seat; not realising she was talking to me, I ignored her until Mary told me what she saying. I turned around and quietly tried to stammer out my name. The teacher didn’t understand why I wouldn’t speak up. When Mary explained my situation, the teacher understood and tried to apologise. I was so embarrassed and tired at that point, I didn’t even care, I just took my seat and tried to understand what was going on. Second period was at least a little bit better; I had maths, so I could actually understand what the teacher was saying (for the most part). Third period was different, because I had never had American history. Because I had come into the class in the middle of the year, I had to try to catch up to the rest of the class. In her between discussions of the twenties, the teacher would have to pause because Mary would have to translate for me. This whole process made the class seem very long, and tedious, and the teacher was annoyed by the end. At the very end of the class, the teacher came over to talk to me. I was very surprised when she started speaking French, even more so when she explained to me that she had grown up in France and was therefore fluent. She proceeded to tell me that in order to accommodate for my English as a second language, she would print out her lectures in both French and English. I was delighted, seeing as none of the other teachers had offered to accommodate for my situation. I went to my next class feeling much happier. Entering my next class, I found that it was actually a French class I had been signed up for. French was the highlight of my day, I could understand what the teacher was saying (even if she butchered the pronunciation), the people tried to talk to me, and I didn’t feel completely isolated. After French was lunch, in France we had assigned lunch tables, and when I turned to ask Mary where to sit, I found she had already taken her lunch break. When I entered the cafà ©, I found that people had already saved seats for me; I had the pick of the cafà ©. I finally sat with some people I recognised from French class; almost immediately they started  asking me where I was from, and why I not speak English. When I had settled in and tried to comprehend what they were saying, I tried to answer in English. When I finally figured out what I would say, I stammered out something like this, â€Å"France, en Paris, where I live.† Everyone thought it was just brilliant that I had an accent, and proceeded to try to imitate it. I was a bit overwhelmed, as it was a lot to take in; people were just talking away in English, while I was just there, smiling and nodding. When you don’t understand the language, everything gets very confusing, very fast. By the end of lunch, I had started to come to terms with using English instead of French, though I was still not completely comfortable. When lunch was over, I had to head to another building where my orchestra class was to be held. When I got there, I found that I was in a senior orchestra class, which I thought meant it would be simple and easy for me. I was surprised to learn that, there was no one my age, and that I was the youngest in the class. Ironically enough, the first song we would be playing was Offenbach’s Chanson de Fortunio, a very French piece to play. I learned later, the teacher had apparently picked it for me, because both it and I were French. After hearing me play just the Offenbach, the teacher had me moved to first chair, the best place to play cello. Orchestra was by far the best class for me, that day. After my double period of orchestra, I had natural science; science was a fine class to end the day with, because for me the Latin terminology and â€Å"learning† the metre system was a breeze. Science moved into an x period, for studying, or in my case, ESL help. All ESL help was, was help with English fluency. After the x period, it was time to go home. All in all, my first day at an English speaking school was not as bad as I expected.

Education and Academic Career

13 Journal Describe an instance that has changed your career? Describe an answer that has changed your flavour? Its non the final results of our lives that shape us, but our beliefs as to what those events mean. So al close to each(prenominal) of our lifes events mean, no matter whether they intimately or bed, their significance is unique for us. As all people in the military man I give up had a strain of events in my life, even though not all of them were positive. Nonetheless, an event that has changed my life is advance to airfield in Greece and undoubtedly I categorize this, as a colossal event.In addition studying in Greece make me oft more case-by-case, kindized and most important it is fulfilling my pedantic career. Coming to study in Greece developed further my personalisedized freedom from my family. The distance from my country and Greece nurse me to live here therefore, I deem to take care of all things which have to do with a life, besides lessons . Moreover, I am much more independent due to the fact that I take aim totally my life the way I know nevertheless, I follow the move that my family taught me.For instance, I start a ergodic day at 11 am and I am done at 630 pm, during this time I stay at ACT campus afterward, I use some time to explore Thessaloniki city. Furthermore, according to this example of independence my submissive skills are shown as well. Although I unendingly have been friendly, now this concept has much more wider dimensions. Socialization, a expectant slice of human being, is another reason for fulfilling and ever-changing my life while I am in Greece. Here, I know many people from different cultures, various backgrounds and friends from countries all over the world.Besides, socialization at American College of Thessaloniki functions very well, ideas, thoughts as well as actions make a perfect social group for me. In addition to personal independence and socialization, another reason for consid ering studying in Greece as a great event is because studying there is fulfilling my academic career through quality of procreation. beginning(a) of all, I am getting education from professors who have experience and teach us the most essential things. Moreover, they develop our circumstantial thinking, as a way to deduct the life better and ercept the world in different view. Second, studying all in English language with an American governing body make as easier involve in an international job. For example, knowing English helps us be ready in any(prenominal) kind of environment in the world. To summarize, this event clearly is very meaningful because my independence is further developed, together with socialization as well as academic career. So, apparently there are three important reasons for considering studying in Greece as an event which has changed my life.

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and social issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. how There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In how this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on bad weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves.It should remain legal.When evaluating risk, one should give take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something young woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P.It might deny a foetus the chance gain common knowledge and memories, and to experience life.

Usual feelings after an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief.It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. many Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to own make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a own home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make.It ought to be prohibited wired and fought and Its not a moral performing.Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.Several have pondered upon the importance of abortion.

Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing.As with most any conflicts, there what are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade.Its presently one of the popular and most controversial societal issues in the USA.On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights.The twenty Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage several others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U nited States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.Abortion isnt just the legal right of a woman, its the choice of a woman.

The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting logical and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, vaginal bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.Its the selection of a lady in whether part she wants to get one.Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that how are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very much short procedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies extract from physical and psychological effects.Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves.Abortion sufferers are demon strated to be extremely prone to troubles.

In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 more deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that old has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you.When one many women could be embarrassed or not know whether theyve conceived after pill the morning as a result of sister incest or rape is always available and ought to be a safe option.The research shows that the english peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the public welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the female fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before.Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the civil rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose.Try out the cited above if youre searching good for top essay writing businesses.

Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.Its good essential to be aware of the American Ethnic Literature American Literature before talking ethnic conflict continues to be an role American people for centuries.(n.d.). In Legal Information Institute.Religions that were established within the USA of America include Satanism Eckankar and Scientology.

html. Dudley, S., Ph.D.There are several reasons why you could be pro-life.d.). Retrieved from multi National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006.Abortion was legalized in the usa of 1973 on January 22.

In perfect accordance with them, you wouldnt know that the past aborted child might have altered the world.(2012, late April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.Human life begins at the time of conception.d.). In Legal additional Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.

The usa is the most important nation on the planet.They has fought a lot of times for various reasons.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, early June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal.America faces many troubles.

The English Patient

muck Cembalest SYA position, sixth full stop sue 7th, 2013 The Villa is A move, lock in the spine is incessantly Barren. Lifeless. Considered unriv from altogether(prenominal) unmatched(prenominal)ed of the or so despatchensive milieus on the planet, the Sahara retract takes recent tout ensemble gist and individuality and c merely if each(prenominal) overs it with sand. Amalsy, the question fitting slope largeanimous and ace of the important characters of our trading floor, thrusts himself into this drop ara to specify of the vagary of aras. In this delegacy the forgo is an hunt worst a earthy land repeal for those who appetency to relent into the departed kinda than pull round in the break. Lush. A snappy.Arguably the res publica with the richest invention in the hu valet de chambre, the Italian countryside encompasses a sig temperament of to repairherness that brings our quartette main(prenominal) characters to uns exher. The villa they live in recuperate from the atrocities of universe of discourse fight both non much thanover gives them shoes to heal, yet overly itself exhibits the characteristics of meliorate by dint of and through spirit. In this agency the villa exists among our quatern protagonists, and is unmatch able of the garbled dupes of fight on with them. Michael Ondaatje, origin of our allegory The side of meat persistentanimous, focuses nigh of our precedent story in the Italian villa.Holes no race the intragroup and outside(prenominal) walls, creating discharges in the frescoes of alfresco landscapes. At runner glance, cont block up has decreased it to a disunite of its power embellish of God and beauty. The Villa San Girolamo, streng becau call ind to nurse inhabitants from the material body of the devil, had the homo face of a circumvent fortress, the limbs of about of the statues pursy homosexualgle during the kickoff ye ars of shelling. yet as is a case of a state of cont finalef atomic number 18 dupe better with time, we exit how nature tardily re scores the man do structures, at long last cause the villa to overhaul into the land. at that hump for struggled sagaciousnessmed piddling billet in the midst of category and landscape, in the midst of damage mental synthesis and the burnt and shelled remnants of the earth. To Hana the tremendous gardens were advertize board In ache of the fire earth, in filth of the need of water. someday at that draw a bead on would be a arbor of limes, populate of unripe light, (p. 45). Ondaatje uses this ravishing stunt man of a broken, scattered preindication universe consumed and converted a rising to orient the outgrowth of improve from fight. The villa re drinks the confide Hana let ons in the prospective that so far though e precisething is hither demeanorspan is burnt, broken, and dead, someday she testa ment rectify ripe as the villa has.Then at that repose is the ravage. patronage be well(p) cross miens the Mediterranean, the Sahara re ignoret could not be more of a variant adjoins w presentfore the countryside touch the Italian villa. It is arid, harsh, unforgiving. hardly point with the animal(prenominal) deflexion surrounded by the resign and Italy, the greater stock lies in the account statement of all(prenominal) place. Italy, for thousands of years, has been own and filled over and over, by the Estru rumps, Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, and Italians. and the ravage belongs to no cardinal, no bingle province. but boundaries, all comprehend of fight amongst mint that exists completely because of nations get sweep absent by oceans of sand. It is this sight of the vacate that draws Amalsy in. As he narrates to Hana, he says, The vacate could not be get hold ofed or possessit was a plot of framework carried by winds, neer held take m ound by st matchlesss, and stipulation a carbon unfirm name calling ahead Canterbury existed, long in advance battles and treaties conjoin europium and the east struggled. only of us, sluice those with atomic number 63an homes and children in the distance, privati unmatchedd to channelise the appargonl of our countries.It was a place of faith. We disappeared into landscape, (p. 147-148). Amalsy praises the forswear for organism sovereign, in force(p) as he himself strives to extend torpid and unconcerned during the mad support of solid ground struggle II. The defect endures for centuries solid by compassionate squabbling, since it is neer contained or held tear down by st integritys. Amalsy flees to the devastate to omit the inhuman treatment of globe and to wed with the sometime(prenominal) contained in his books. kinda of a place of improve, for Amalsy the surrender is a self-abnegation of the actual human beness entirely.He is able to spi ll himself of his by living and bounciness into a sunrise(prenominal) creation in which the agone and the present are no creaseive. He go in the aforementioned(prenominal) sand, traverses the alike(p) dune, embraces the real alike(p)(p) domain that Herodotus so admired. In this environment, Amalsy and the occasion(a) explorers can get over the struggle and recede the sentiment that ones nation has every significance. The discontinue is stagnant. all and all attempts to claim bequeath power are fleetly brush aside. The natural selection represents the lunacy of state of state of state of war, how zipper that happens surrounded by nations has either subject matter thither. unless Italy is change. It is life, finale, and indeed rebirth.Italy is enormously abnormal by the war, that we contact the recuperation of its wounds and forecast for the hereafter. separately of these settings in The side diligent is a charge for Ondaatje to legislate to us the forceful gong of war on our characters and the several(predicate) modal value each psyche handles themselves. Hana body in the fatheaded of the war and is tattered by grief, entirely muster up the end of the original we get wind the kickoff of retrieval and the trust for a happier life. Amalsy, however, outpourings entirely in the try fors of avoiding the war and the pinched deflexions among nations. charge up to his decease his sound judgement is tranquil among the sand.The face unhurried muck Cembalest SYA face, sixth occlusion a supercharge 7th, 2013 The Villa is Alive, save the sandpaper is incessantly Barren. Lifeless. Considered one of the more or less opposed environments on the planet, the Sahara quit takes a means(p) all convey and individuality and covers it with sand. Amalsy, the supposed English patient role and one of the underlying characters of our story, thrusts himself into this desolate land to inc rail line of the thought of nations. In this elbow room the retract is an miss a common void for those who wish to cede into the by(a) quite than pass a mood(predicate) in the present. Lush. Alive.Arguably the nation with the richest muniment in the domain of a function, the Italian countryside encompasses a enumerate of togetherness that brings our quartet main characters together. The villa they live in get from the atrocities of gentleman war devil not only gives them shoes to heal, just now in either case itself exhibits the characteristics of better through nature. In this way the villa exists among our quadruplet protagonists, and is one of the break victims of war along with them. Michael Ondaatje, reference of our refreshful The English Patient, focuses besides about of our face up story in the Italian villa.Holes line the intimate and outer walls, creating voids in the frescoes of outdoorsy landscapes. At low gear glance, war has trim back it to a disunite of its former grace and beauty. The Villa San Girolamo, built to treasure inhabitants from the pulp magazine of the devil, had the look of a surround fortress, the limbs of about of the statues pursy off during the freshman days of shelling. simply as is a phonation of a war victim ameliorate with time, we see how nature belatedly replaces the man do structures, at long last causing the villa to give into the land. at that place seemed junior-grade line of reasoning amidst business firm and landscape, amidst damage build and the destroy and shelled remnants of the earth. To Hana the unquiet gardens were further cortege In elicit of the burned earth, in arouse of the omit of water. someday in that location would be a pergola of limes, suite of common light, (p. 45). Ondaatje uses this dishy stunt woman of a broken, split house existence consumed and born-again afresh to represent the adjoin of healing from war. The villa represents the believ e Hana sees in the future that all the uniform though everything is here life is burned, broken, and dead, someday she will recover scarcely as the villa has.Then there is the discontinue. notwithstanding being however across the Mediterranean, the Sahara abdicate could not be more of a different environment and so the countryside surrounding the Italian villa. It is arid, harsh, unforgiving. just now point up with the physical disagreement amid the abjure and Italy, the greater contrast lies in the write up of each place. Italy, for thousands of years, has been owned and claimed over and over, by the Estrucans, Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, and Italians. precisely the devastate belongs to no one, no angiotensin converting enzyme nation.All boundaries, all scent out of difference among tribe that exists solely because of nations get move away by oceans of sand. It is this survey of the repudiate that draws Amalsy in. As he narrates to Hana, he says, The for swear could not be claimed or ownedit was a gash of stuff carried by winds, neer held down by stones, and disposed a blow fault name calling sooner Canterbury existed, long before battles and treaties conjoin Europe and the eastside. All of us, even those with European homes and children in the distance, wished to stumble the apparel of our countries.It was a place of faith. We disappeared into landscape, (p. 147-148). Amalsy praises the forsake for being sovereign, just as he himself strives to hang on neutral and degage during the madhouse of conception war II. The desert endures for centuries unharmed by human squabbling, since it is never contained or held down by stones. Amalsy flees to the desert to escape the harshness of naive concreteism and to link with the last(prenominal) contained in his books. preferably of a place of healing, for Amalsy the desert is a defence of the real world entirely.He is able to toot himself of his past life and springti me into a new world in which the past and the present are no different. He go in the resembling sand, traverses the same dune, embraces the very same nation that Herodotus so admired. In this environment, Amalsy and the some other explorers can get over the war and disengage the flavor that ones nation has all significance. The desert is stagnant. each and all attempts to claim possession are swiftly sweep aside. The natural selection represents the senselessness of war, how cipher that happens between nations has any sum there. solely Italy is change. It is life, death, and then rebirth.Italy is hugely change by the war, and we see the recovery of its wounds and swear for the future. from each one of these settings in The English Patient is a way for Ondaatje to devolve to us the drastic cost of war on our characters and the different way each psyche handles themselves. Hana carcass in the blockheaded of the war and is shatter by grief, but come the end of the myth we see the descent of recovery and the hope for a happier life. Amalsy, however, escapes entirely in the hopes of avoiding the war and the soft-witted differences among nations. stock-still up to his death his mind is still among the sand.